Sustainable energy, without the hot air

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« Sustainable Energy – without the hot air » («l’energie soutenable – sans aneries») est un livre par David MacKay. C’est un analyse profond mais clair pour savoir si la Grande Bretagne pour satisfaire a ses besoins actuels pour l’energie sans detruire le climat.

Ce livre est disponible pour telechargment gratuit sur le web (v.f. par google) en PDF et d’autres formats. David s’interesse plutot qu’on lit son livre que d’en faire de l’argent. Si vous n’avez pas le temps pour lire toute un livre, il y a un sommaire en 10 pages aussi sur le site.

Je crois que ce livre est un des plus importants que j’ai jamais lus sur le changement climatique. Quiconque veut comprendre la question complex de reduire l’empreint carbone de toute une nation devrait le lire. Il y a plusiers raisons pourquoi je suis de cet avis, en voici quelques-uns.

David MacKay

David MacKay

Meme si David est un physicien jusqu’au cheveux, son livre est ecrit en anglais facile a comprendre, pas besoin d’un doctorat pour le lire.

Il commence par la question de combien d’energie il faut pour chaque personne en Grande Bretagne pour mener la vie quotidienne. En convertissant tout usage d’energie dans la meme unite il produit un image simple mais clair qui inclus l’electricite, le transport, chauffage, alimentation, et d’autres elements de la vie. Il devient alors facile a voir quel aspect de la vie est responsable pour la consommation d’energie, donc ou on peut gagne le plus en faisant des changements.

Il n’est ni pour ni contre des technologies specifique comme partie de la solution. Il ne favorise pas les aeoliens, le solaire, le nucleaire, ou le capturage et stockage de carbone. Il ne les oppose pas non plus. Il met dans le jeut tout contribution possible pour reduire l’empreinte carbone de la Grande Bretagne. Puis il fait la calcule pour voir si, oui ou non, c’est possible de satisfaire la demande avec des melanges differentes des technologies, ou si tout simplement ca ne donnera pas assez. Ainsi, le livre est facile a comprendre.

Il garde la simplicite en ne cherchant a voir ce qu’on pourrait faire si on pouvait utiliser toute l’energie d’un ressource. Donc il calcule la totalite d’energie arrivant par les vagues de la cote Atlantique. Il calcule la totalite d’energie solaire si on utilise tout les toits. Il calcule la totalite d’energie si on mettait des aeoliens dans tous les regions possible. Il nous demontre un par un ce qu’on pourrait espere si on utilisait chaque possibilite a l’echelle nationale.

Ses calculations sont bien explique et pas complique. L’origine de tous les chiffres est donne, avec des references pour tout. Il parle en chiffres ronds, au lieu de calculer jusqu’a la dixieme decimale, donc c’est vraiment facile de le suivre.

Il n’exclue aucune option pour des raisons politique ou ethique. Il se concentre sur les fait, les chiffres. Dans ces propres mots:

He does not rule out anything for political reasons, or for ethical reasons. He concentrates strictly on the basic facts instead. As he says:

This book is emphatically intended to be about facts, not ethics. I want the facts to be clear, so that people can have a meaningful debate about ethical decisions.

Ce livre est cense etre un livre sur les faits, non pas l’ethique. Je veut que les faits soient clair, afin qu’on peut avoit un debat profond sur les questions ethiques.

and

I don’t want to feed you my own conclusions. Convictions are stronger if they are self-generated, rather than taught. Understanding is a creative process. When you’ve read this book I hope you’ll have reinforced the confidence that you can figure anything out.

Je ne veut pas vous vendre mes propres conclusions. Des convictions sont plus fortes si elles viennent de soi-meme, au lieu d’etre enseigne. Comprendre est un processus creatif. Apres avoir lu ce livre, j’espere que vous auriez renforce la confiance de pouvoir dechiffrer les questions vous-meme.

Il y a tant ecrit sur le sujet de changement climatique et ce qu’on devrait faire, avec tante de monde qui en tire des conclusions differentes, qu’il peut etre tres difficiles de savoir a qui on peut faire confiance. Il y en a qui veut nous convaincre de ses idees, donc
ses ecritures prends partis pour ou contre quelque-chose. Il y en a qui ignore des faits importants, donc ce qu’ils nous raconte n’est pas fiable. Il y en a qui nous ments, carrement, parce-qu’ils ont des intentions cachees, comme c’est souvent le cas ces jours. Puis il y en a qui sont si difficiles a comprendre, qui ecrivent d’une maniere inaccessible aux non-experts. Nous vivons dans un monde ou l’opinion d’un expert est souvent rejete parce-que, etant expert, nous ne le faisons plus confiance d’etre impartiel.

Le resultat est qu’on finis avec le choix entre des opinions differents sans etre sur de connaitre les faits, sans savoir qui a raison et qui a tort, qui est honnete et qui ne l’est pas, ou qui essaie de nous tricher pour son propre bienfait. Ce n’est pas une bonne situation. C’est pourquoi il est rafraichissant de trouver un chercheur qui veut qu’on arrive a nos propres conclusions, sans tricherie.

Ca, en gros, est pourquoi ce livre est important. Au lieu de nous enseigner, de nous mener, David veut qu’on comprends les limites du possible nous meme. Il regarde tous les possibilites, et il veut que nous comprennons comment il en fait.

usage d'energie par personne par jour en Grande Bretagne (gauche), ressources disponibles en energie renouvellable (droit)

usage d'energie par personne par jour en Grande Bretagne (gauche), ressources disponibles en energie renouvellable (droit)

Le facon de pouvoir comparer toute usage d’energie choise par David est de convertir tout en kilowatt-heures (kWh). Un kWh est la quantite d’energie utilise par un apareil d’un kW pendant une heure. Une ampoule de 100 watts laisse allume pendant 10 heures utilise aussi un kWh. Une ampoule de 40 watts prendra 25 heures pour utiliser un kWh. Votre compteur d’electricite mesure en kWh, donc c’est une unite sensible. On peut tous le comprendre facilement parce-que c’est l’unite dans-quel on est facture mensuellement.

D’autres formes d’energie peuvent aussi etre exprime en kWh. Conduire la voiture ‘moyenne’ une distance de 50 km utilise 40 kWh d’energie dans le form de carburant. Donc, si vous faites 50 km par jour pour aller-retour au travail, ca veut dire que c’est a peut pres la meme quantite d’energie qu’un chauffage electric d’un kW, allume toute la semaine. Le chauffage utilisera 1 kW x 168 heures par semaine = 168 kWh par semaine, la voiture utilisera 40 kWh par jour x 5 jours = 200 kWh. Ca, c’est assez pres pour dire que c’est la meme chose.

En avion, si vous faites un trajet intercontinentale par annee, ca aussi utilise l’equivalent de 30 kWh par jour pour l’annee. Donc just pour arriver a votre lieu de vacances peut consommer la meme quantite d’energie que si vous laissee allume un chauffage d’un kW, toute la journee, toute l’annee.

Ca ne veut pas dire que tout ces choses sont identique. Apres tout, c’est pas en demarrant le chauffage pour un an que vous allez arriver aux Bahamas le jour du nouvel an (tant pis!). Mais ca vous permet de faire des comparaisons. Un trajet intercontinentale = 50 km par jour pour le travail pour un an = un chauffage d’un kW branche toute l’annee. Donc, pour reduire son empreinte charbone, on peut decider de partager le trajet au travail avec un ami, pour reduire a moitie la consommation. Ou, on peut decider de ne pas prendre l’avion, ce qui sera deux fois plus efficace, l’equivalent de ne pas faire le trajet au travail du tout!

David fait d’autres calculations pour nous aussi. Le chauffage, c’est 37 kWh par personne par jour. La lumiere, 4 kWh, la panoplie d’electromenager et l’electronique, 5 kWh. L’alimentation represent 15 kWh a produire, compte rendu de la processus de production. D’autres produits qu’on achete (du journal a la voiture et tout le reste) a un bilan de 49 kWh. Ce chiffre enorme comprend la production des composants, l’assemblage d’un produit, son usage, et son eventuel destruction. L’emballage tout seul ajoute 4 kWh a notre comsommation quotidienne.

Donc est-ce qu’on debranche le chargeur pour le telephone, comme nous sommes souvent demande de faire? Allez-y, bien sur, mais ca ne fera pas grande chose. Changer les ampoules ou baisser la temperature? Oui, ca peut reduire la consommation sensiblement. Echanger la SUV pour une vrai voiture? Oui, bonne idee! Mais n’oubliez-pas combien on peut reduire par d’autres moyens, comme ne pas acheter ces choses dont on n’a pas besoin, ou ne rien jeter s’il peut toujours servir un peu. Des petits economies sont toujours le bienvenue, mais pour sauver la planete il faut faire des gestes plus importantes, a l’echelle nationale.

David s’attaque aussi a la question de comment fournire l’energie necessaire pour tout le pays. Ceci est l’endroit ou d’autres analyses font souvent l’erreur de ne pas considerer correctement l’echelle de la probleme. Prenez, par exemple, les dernieres nouvelles sur les projets d'energie des vagues et des marees en Ecosse (v.f. par google). On les a decrit comme «l’Arabie Saoudite de l’electricite marin». Ces projets donneront, en totale, la meme quantite d’electricite d’une grande centrale nucleaire. Impressionant! Mais est-ce vraiment? Pourrait-on tout simplement construire beaucoup plus de machines pareils pour satisfaire a nos besoins?

David Mackay nous raconte que la Grande Bretagne a a peu pres 100 km de cote Atlantic, et que les vagues qui le traverse possede l’energie cru de 40 kW par metre de cote. Si on construisait des machines sur la moitie de ce cote, et ces machines pourrait en tirer 50% de l’energie, ca nous donnera (roulement de tambour, s.v.p.) 4 kWh par person, par jour. [mise a jour: Voir aussi «Tidal power - no thanks» (v.f. par google) dans New Scientist]

Ce n’est pas grande chose, enfin. Just assez pour garder les lumieres allume. Vaut-il le coup de mettre ces machines sur la moitie de la cote Atlantique pour ca? Ca ne me donne pas l’impression de l’Arabie Saoudite!

Avec des calculations similaire, David nous montre qu’avec des aeoliens sur 10% de la surface Brittanique, on aura chacun 20 kWh par jour, un sixieme de nos besoins. Avec le chauffage d’eau solaire sur les toits facant le sud, 13 kWh par jour. Des bio-carburants? Si on utilisait tout la surface agricole Brittanique, on pourrait avoir 36 kWh par jour pour toute le monde (mais rien a manger!)

les 5 plans de David MacKay pour l'energie pour la Grande Bretagne

les 5 plans de David MacKay pour l'energie pour la Grande Bretagne

David passe ensuite a la consideration de quels melanges de technologies pourrait servir pour les besoins du Royaume Uni dans le futur, et il nous propose cinq plans comme exemples a etudier. Au lieu d’entre dans les details ici, je vous laisse lire son livre vous-meme, voir s’il y en a parmi ces choix que vous trouvez interressant.

Si vous avez le moindre interet dans l’energie soutenable, je vous conseil de lire ce livre. C’est la meilleur illustration j’ai vu de ce qu’il veut dire d’arreter de bruler des combustibles fossiles a l’echelle d’un nation. Ca, ce n’est pas facile a comprendre, c’est un travail enorme. Mais David nous le present d’un maniere accessible. Si vous ne voulez pas vous faire triche par des gens avec des intentions cachees, ceci est le livre qu’il vous faut.
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« Sustainable Energy – without the hot air » is a book by David MacKay. It’s a thorough but clear analysis of how Britain could attempt to satisfy its present power-requirements without trashing the climate.

The book is available on the web for free download as a PDF and in other formats. David is more interested in having the book read than in making a profit from it. If you’d like to have a taste before reading the whole book, you can start with the 10-page summary he also provides on his site.

I think this is one of the most important books on tackling climate change that I have come across. Anyone who wishes to understand the complex question of how to reduce the carbon footprint of a nation should definitely read it. There are several reasons why I think that, here are some of them.

David MacKay

David MacKay

Though David is a every inch a scientist, the book is written in plain english, you don’t need a PhD to understand it. That said, non-native English speakers may have to look up words like ‘twaddle’ in a dictionary from time to time.

David starts by considering how much energy the British need to run their daily lives. By converting all uses of energy to a single unit he can produce a simple yet useful picture that includes electricity, transport, heating, food, and other lifestyle factors. This makes it easy to see what part of our lives is responsible for consuming energy, which makes it easy to see where we should look if we want to make changes.

He does not promote or favour a particular technology as part of the solution. He is not pro-wind, pro-solar, pro-nuclear, or pro-clean-coal. Nor is he against any of these or other climate-friendly energy-generation technologies. He considers all possible contributions to lowering Britain’s carbon footprint. Then he goes on to see if any different mix of technologies can possibly meet Britain’s energy requirements, or if it simply doesn’t add up. This makes the whole book very easy to comprehend.

He keeps things simple by looking only at what could potentially be done, if we captured all the available sources of energy. So, he looks at the total amount of wave-power energy arriving along the entire Atlantic coast. He looks at the total solar power we could get if we put panels on every south-facing rooftop. He considers the power we could get from wind if we put up turbines everywhere we feasibly could. He clearly and concisely works out what we could hope to get if we deploy these and other technologies on a nation-wide scale.

He is fully transparent about everything he does. All his assumptions are explained, he tells us where all his numbers come from, and he gives references to the material he used. So you can check his numbers yourself, there is no need to decide if you trust him or not. It’s all there for you to verify. He also uses round numbers, rather than quoting calculations to 10 decimal places like Spock in Star Trek, so we can follow the big picture more easily.

He does not rule out anything for political reasons, or for ethical reasons. He concentrates strictly on the basic facts instead. As he says:

This book is emphatically intended to be about facts, not ethics. I want the facts to be clear, so that people can have a meaningful debate about ethical decisions.

and

I don’t want to feed you my own conclusions. Convictions are stronger if they are self-generated, rather than taught. Understanding is a creative process. When you’ve read this book I hope you’ll have reinforced the confidence that you can figure anything out.

These days, there is so much written about climate change and what we need to do about it, with so many people reaching different conclusions, that is can be very hard to know who to trust. Some authors have their own conclusions that they want to convince us to agree with, so they bias their writing. Some fail to take account of important factors, which makes their conclusions unreliable. Some are deliberately trying to mislead us, working to a hidden agenda, as happens in so many walks of life. Some, finally, are simply too difficult to understand, with complex arguments that non-experts have no hope of following. We live in a world where the opinion of an expert is considered suspect, and is often rejected because, being an expert, we believe that they must be biased.

The result is that we are left with a choice among different viewpoints without knowing the facts, without knowing who is right or wrong, who is honest and who is not, or who is trying to manipulate us for their own gain. That’s not a good position to be in. That’s why it’s refreshing to find a scientist who wants us to reach our own conclusions.

That, in a nutshell, is why this book is important. Rather than pushing an agenda, David wants us to understand the limits of what we can do, and must do. He looks at the possibilities to see how they adds up, and he wants us to understand how he does it.

energy use per Briton per day (left) and energy available in renewables (right)

energy use per Briton per day (left) and energy available in renewables (right)

David’s simple way of looking at how we use energy is to convert everything to kilowatt-hours (kWh). One kWh is the amount of energy used by a 1 kW appliance left running for one hour. A 100 watt lightbulb running for 10 hours also uses 1 kWh. A 40 watt bulb would take 25 hours to use one kWh, and so on. Your electricity meter measures consumption in kWh, so it’s a sensible unit, we can all relate to it because it appears on our monthly bills.

Other forms of energy can also be expressed in kWh. Driving the mythical average car 30 miles (50 km) consumes about 40 kWh of energy in the form of petrol. So if your commute to work is a 30-mile round trip, 5 days a week, that uses about the same amount of energy as running a 1 kW heater all day long, every day. The heater would use 1 kW x 168 hours per week = 168 kWh per week, the car would use 40 kWh per day x 5 days, which equals 200 kWh. That’s close enough to being the same thing, as I’m sure David would agree.

Similarly, if you take one long-distance flight per year, that also works out to be the equivalent of 30 kWh per day for that year. So just getting to your holiday destination uses the same amount of energy as if you left a 1 kW heater on all day long, every day, for the whole year.

That’s not to say that these things are exactly equal. After all, if you do leave your heater on for a year, you won’t suddenly wake up in the Bahamas on New Year’s Day (more’s the pity!). But it does allow you to start comparing things. 1 long-distance-flight = commuting 30 miles per day to work for a year = a 1 kW heater left on all year long. So, if you want to reduce your carbon footprint, you might consider car-pooling with a colleague, which will halve your energy consumption for your commute. Or, if you could cut out that long-distance flight, that’s going to be twice as effective, equivalent to taking your car off the road completely!

David does all the other sums for us too. Heating accounts for 37 kWh per person per day. Lighting accounts for 4 kWh, electrical and electronic gadgets (such as computers, phones, stereos and vacuum cleaners) consume about 5 kWh. The food we eat requires about 15 kWh to produce, when you add up everything that goes into it. Consumer goods (from cars to newspapers and other things that we buy) come with a cost of about 49 kWh. That huge number comes up when you take account of the energy needed to produce the raw materials, manufacture the object, use it, and dispose of it. Packaging alone adds 4 kWh per day to our consumption.

So do you unplug your phone-charger, as we are often told to do? Sure, go ahead, though it won’t make much difference. Change your light bulbs and turn down your thermostat? Definitely some savings to be had there. Trade in that SUV for a real car? Great idea! Don’t overlook how much you can save in other ways, like not buying stuff you don’t need, and not throwing things out when there’s still some use in them. Small economies and reducing waste are always a good idea, but we need to make bigger changes, on a national scale, if we want to save the planet.

David also tackles the question of how to look at the energy needs of the entire country. This is where many analyses come unstuck. For example, take the recently announced wave and tidal energy projects in Scotland. These are described with phrases like « major milestone », and « Saudi Arabia of marine power ». These projects between them will yield the same amount of electricity as a large nuclear power station. That sounds impressive, but is it really? Could we simply build more of these and satisfy our energy needs that way?

David MacKay points out that Britain has about 1000 km of Atlantic coastline, and the waves crossing it have an energy of 40 kW per metre of coastline. If we build wave-machines that can collect half of that, and build enough to cover half of our coastline, we would get (drum roll please) 4 kWh per person, per day. [update: See also "Tidal power - no thanks" in New Scientist]

That’s not so much after all, just enough to keep the lights on. Is it worth covering half the coastline with wave machines for that? It certainly doesn’t sound like Saudi Arabia to me!

Using a similar approach, David calculates that if we were to cover one tenth of Britain with windmills, that would give us each 20 kWh per day, or one sixth of what we currently use. Covering every south-facing roof with solar water-heating panels would give us 13 kWh per day. Biofuels? If we converted all the farmland in Britain to producing biofuels, that would give at most 36 kWh each per day (and no more food!).

David MacKays five plans for powering Britain

David MacKays five plans for powering Britain

David then goes on to consider what mix of technologies might be used to balance the energy needs of the UK in some foreseeable future, and proposes a number of simple plans to illustrate the possibilities and the limits of what might be achievable. Rather than go into details about them here, I’ll let you read the book for yourself and see if any of them appeal to you.

If you have the slightest interest in sustainable energy, I urge you to read this book. It’s the best illustration I’ve seen of what it means to wean a nation off of fossil fuels. That’s something that is really difficult to grasp, it’s such an enormous undertaking, yet David presents it in a way that makes sense. If you don’t want to let yourself be fooled by people with their own bias or hidden agenda, this is the book you need.
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2 commentaires [lang_en]to[/lang_en][lang_fr]pour[/lang_fr] “Sustainable energy, without the hot air”

  1. John Mclevy dit:

    Hi Tony,

    shows how poor a blogger I turn out to be – I only just saw your comment on mine! Thanks for the input – will download the book now.

    Interesting set of comments of your own here – where do you find the time? I have just retired and can’t findtime for all that myself even though I have usually got much to say about most things!

    Funny too; we have been diving inthe Maldives many times from 1996 to 2006 and loved it. I have a great video of Mantas here if you have time http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eRVC6Nzb-E
    One thing always bothers me about the Maldives…when I went in 96 we were told it had 10 years left above sea level…….it’s still very much there and they are still building, spending millions. I am certainly no climate change sceptic as you already know – but it is obviously no exact science! That is probably why politicians don’t quite know what to do with it.

    Thanks again.

    JOhn

  2. Tony dit:

    Hi John,

    hope you enjoy the book as much as I have. As for finding the time, well, it’s a constant battle. There’s so much good information out there these days that it’s hard to know where to start!

    I love the manta video. Those guys are very big and cooperative, you were lucky to get such good footage. The music you chose for it suits them perfectly!

    I hadn’t heard the predictions of the Maldives disappearing that fast. You’re right, the science isn’t exact, any more than any other science. My favourite definition of science is « the art of limiting what we don’t know ». We may not know how fast the Maldives is going to disappear, yet, but we do know that sea level is rising, and that it’s only a matter of time, unless drastic action is taken. The lack of certainty should be taken as an even stronger reason to act fast, rather than as a reason for delaying. It’s quite sad really.

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